Dietrich / Schulze Measurement Process Qualification

Gage Acceptance and Measurement Uncertainty According to Current Standards
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-3-446-42955-0
Verlag: Hanser, Carl
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Deutsch, 444 Seiten

In production, measurement process capability studies are required. This requirement is obligatory according to several international standards, guidelines and company guidelines of the automotive industry. Due to this requirement, the risk of product liability is to become appreciable and controllable. While the automotive industry implemented gage capability studies during the last years, today, the determination of the extended measurement uncertainty serves as an alternative to capability studies or to the applicability of measurement processes.This book gives a comprehensive overview and assists you in dealing with these requirements in industrial production. Several guidelines contained in this book (Bosch, DaimlerChrysler, General Motors Powertrain) apply the procedures described here. The acquired experience confirms the great benefit of these procedures in practice.The following standards are considered" DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 and ISO/TS 16949" QS-9000, MSA Third Edition" VDA 6.1, VDA 5 "Measurement Process Capability"" DGQ 13-61 "Gage Management"" GUM / DIN EN V 13005" DIN EN ISO 14253" DIN EN ISO 10012:2003" VDI/VDE/DGQ 2618

Autoren/Hrsg.

Dietrich, Edgar

Schulze, Alfred

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Preface to the 2nd Edition;7
3;Preface to the 3rd Edition;7
4;Table of Contents;10
5;1 Measurement Process Capability;14
5.1;1.1 Introduction;14
5.1.1;1.1.1 Why Measurement Process Capability?;14
5.2;1.2 Historical Retrospect and Prospect;20
5.2.1;1.2.1 Development “Measurement Process Capability”;22
5.3;1.3 Notes from the Authors about MSA [1] and VDA 5 [70];24
5.4;1.4 Experimental Evaluation;25
6;2 Gage Monitoring as a Basis for Measurement Process Capability;29
6.1;2.1 Gage Calibration;29
6.2;2.2 Dial Gage Calibration;30
6.3;2.3 Capability Studies for Standard Gages;32
7;3 Definitions and Terms;35
7.1;3.1 Process;35
7.2;3.2 Measurement Process;35
7.3;3.3 Testing;36
7.4;3.4 Measuring Equipment;37
7.5;3.5 Measurement Deviations and Measurement Uncertainty;40
7.5.1;3.5.1 Bias;41
7.5.2;3.5.2 Repeatability;42
7.5.3;3.5.3 Reproducibility;43
7.5.4;3.5.4 Linearity;44
7.5.5;3.5.5 Measurement Stability;46
8;4 Influencing Factors on the Measurement Process;47
8.1;4.1 Typical Influencing Factors;47
8.2;4.2 Impact of the Influencing Factors;50
8.3;4.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process;53
9;5 Gage Capability as a Measurement Process Capability Study;57
9.1;5.1 Basic Procedures and Methods;57
9.2;5.2 Evaluation of Gages;60
9.2.1;5.2.1 Uncertainty of the Standard Master / Calibration Master;60
9.2.2;5.2.2 Influence of the Resolution;62
9.2.3;5.2.3 Evaluation of the Bias;64
9.2.4;5.2.4 Study Type 1;66
9.2.5;5.2.5 Quality Capability Indices Cg and Cgk;71
9.2.6;5.2.6 Study Type 1 for Characteristics with Unilateral Tolerances;79
9.2.7;5.2.7 Study Type 1 for Several Characteristics;82
9.2.8;5.2.8 Linearity;82
9.3;5.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process;93
9.3.1;5.3.1 Range Method (Short Method);93
9.3.2;5.3.2 Study Type 2: %R&R with Operator Influence;95
9.3.3;5.3.3 Study Type 3: %R&R without Operator Influence;115
9.4;5.4 Testing Measurement Stability;118
9.5;5.5 Further Studies;122
9.5.1;5.5.1 Study Type 4;122
9.5.2;5.5.2 Study Type 5;124
9.6;5.6 Method according to CNOMO;127
10;6 Capability Study of Attribute Measurement Processes;130
10.1;6.1 Attribute Gages;130
10.2;6.2 Attribute Gaging or Variable Measuring;131
10.3;6.3 Requirements for Successful Inspections by Attribute;132
10.4;6.4 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Short Method”;133
10.5;6.5 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Extended Method“;136
10.5.1;6.5.1 Introduction;136
10.5.2;6.5.2 Testing Hypotheses;140
10.5.3;6.5.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Attribute Measurement System;146
10.5.4;6.5.4 Signal Recognition Method;150
11;7 Extended Measurement Uncertainty;156
11.1;7.1 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement;156
11.1.1;7.1.1 Basic Principles;156
11.1.2;7.1.2 Aim and Purpose of the GUM;157
11.1.3;7.1.3 Field of Application;158
11.1.4;7.1.4 Contents of the Guide;159
11.1.5;7.1.5 Terms and Definitions;160
11.2;7.2 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties;163
11.2.1;7.2.1 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty;164
11.2.2;7.2.2 Determination of the Combined Standard Uncertainty;169
11.2.3;7.2.3 Determination of the Extended Uncertainty;171
11.2.4;7.2.4 Logging of the Uncertainty;174
11.2.5;7.2.5 Expression of the Result;175
11.3;7.3 GUM H.1 Example: Gage Block Calibration;176
11.3.1;7.3.1 Measuring Task;176
11.3.2;7.3.2 Standard Uncertainties;177
11.4;7.4 Calibration of a Weight for the Nominal Value of 10 kg (S2);185
11.4.1;7.4.1 Measuring Task;185
11.4.2;7.4.2 Standard Uncertainties;185
11.4.3;7.4.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result;192
11.5;7.5 Calibrating a Caliper;194
11.5.1;7.5.1 Measuring Task;194
11.5.2;7.5.2 Standard Measurement Uncertainty (S10.3-S10.9);195
11.5.3;7.5.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result;198
11.6;7.6 GUM Interpretation for Measurement Processes in Series Production;200
12;8 Extended Measurement Uncertainty according to ISO 22514-7 or VDA 5;201
12.1;8.1 VDA 5 Flow Chart;201
12.1.1;8.1.1 Schematic Approach;202
12.1.2;8.1.2 Gage Capability;203
12.1.3;8.1.3 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method A;204
12.1.4;8.1.4 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method B;205
12.2;8.2 Principal Standard Uncertainty Components;207
12.2.1;8.2.1 Standard Uncertainty uCAL;209
12.2.2;8.2.2 Standard Uncertainty of the Resolution uRE;209
12.2.3;8.2.3 Standard Uncertainty uBI;210
12.2.4;8.2.4 Standard Uncertainty uMS in Case of Standard Gages;211
12.2.5;8.2.5 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Reference Part uEVR;212
12.2.6;8.2.6 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Object uEVO;212
12.2.7;8.2.7 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Operator Influence uAV;214
12.2.8;8.2.8 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Test Object uOBJ;214
12.2.9;8.2.9 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Temperature Influence uT;217
12.2.10;8.2.10 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Non-linearity uLIN;220
12.2.11;8.2.11 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Stability uSTAB;221
12.3;8.3 Multiple Consideration of Uncertainty Components;223
12.4;8.4 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty;224
12.5;8.5 Consideration of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty at the Specification Limits;224
12.6;8.6 VDA 5 Case Studies;226
12.6.1;8.6.1 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Standard Gage”;226
12.6.2;8.6.2 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Particular Gage”;233
13;9 Simplified Determination of the Measurement Uncertainty;240
13.1;9.1 AIO Procedure (“All-in-One” Procedure);240
13.1.1;9.1.1 Measurement Process Capability Study;240
13.1.2;9.1.2 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty;240
13.2;9.2 Practical Examples of the “All-in-One” Procedure;244
13.2.1;9.2.1 Measurement Process with Linear Material Measure;244
13.2.2;9.2.2 Measurement Processes without Linear Material Measure;246
14;10 Special Cases in Measurement Process Capability;249
14.1;10.1 What Is a Special Case?;249
14.2;10.2 Typical Special Cases;249
15;11 How to Handle Incapable Measurement Processes;251
15.1;11.1 Procedure for Improving Measurement Processes;251
16;12 Typical Questions about Measurement Process Capability;254
16.1;12.1 Questions;254
16.2;12.2 Answers;254
17;13 Capability Studies in Visual Inspections;257
17.1;13.1 Requirements for Visual Inspections;257
17.2;13.2 Aptitude Test for Visual Inspectors;258
18;14 Purchase of Gages;261
18.1;14.1 Example for a Measuring Task Description;262
18.2;14.2 Example for a Requirement Specification;263
19;15 Proof of Suitability for Test Software;264
19.1;15.1 General Consideration;264
19.2;15.2 The Myth of “Excel Tables“;267
19.3;15.3 Gage Capability Test Examples;270
20;16 Appendix;283
20.1;16.1 Tables;283
20.1.1;16.1.1 d2* Table for the Determination of k Factors and Degrees of Freedom for t Values;283
20.1.2;16.1.2 Capability Limits according to VDA 5;286
20.1.3;16.1.3 k Factors;287
20.2;16.2 Analysis of Variance Models;287
20.2.1;16.2.1 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 2;287
20.2.2;16.2.2 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 3;292
21;17 Reference;295
21.1;17.1 Abbreviations;295
21.2;17.2 Formulas;299
21.3;17.3 Bibliography;301
21.4;17.4 Figures;309
21.5;17.5 Tables;313
22;18 “Measurement System Capability” Reference Manual;314
22.1;1 Introduction;315
22.1.1;1.1 EN ISO 9001;315
22.1.2;1.2 EN ISO 10012 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measuring Equipment;315
22.1.3;1.3 QS-9000 Requirements;315
22.1.4;1.4 VDA 6.1 Requirements;316
22.1.5;1.5 GUM and EN ISO 14253-1;317
22.1.6;1.6 ANFIA AVSQ94 Requirements;317
22.2;2 Definitions;317
22.2.1;2.1 Measurement Deviation;317
22.2.1.1;2.1.1 Bias;317
22.2.1.2;2.1.2 Random Measurement Deviation;318
22.2.2;2.2 Measuring Device;318
22.2.3;2.3 Gage;318
22.2.4;2.4 Measuring Equipment;318
22.2.5;2.5 Linearity;319
22.2.6;2.6 Standard Master / Calibration Master / Reference Part;319
22.2.7;2.7 Measuring Chain;320
22.2.8;2.8 Measurement Process / Measurement System;320
22.2.9;2.9 Repeatability;320
22.2.10;2.10 Reproducibility;321
22.2.11;2.11 Measurement Stability;322
22.3;3 Scope;322
22.4;4 Procedures for a Capability Study;323
22.4.1;4.1 Measuring Device Resolution;323
22.4.2;4.2 Study Type 1;323
22.4.3;4.3 Study Type 2;323
22.4.4;4.4 Study Type 3;323
22.4.5;4.5 Linearity;324
22.4.6;4.6 Measurement Stability;324
22.4.7;4.7 Procedure;324
22.5;5 Study Type 1;326
22.6;6 Study Type 2;330
22.7;7 Study Type 3;333
22.8;8 Linearity / Analysis at the Specification Limits;336
22.8.1;8.1 Preliminary Notes;336
22.8.2;8.2 Defintion of “Linearity”;336
22.8.3;8.3 Determination of the Bias;338
22.8.4;8.4 Evaluation of the Linearity;339
22.8.5;8.5 Regression Analysis;339
22.8.6;8.6 Linearity Study;339
22.8.7;8.7 Analysis at the Specification Limits;339
22.9;9 Measurement Stability;340
23;19 GM PowerTrain Measurement Systems Specification (SP-Q-MSS);342
24;20 Bosch Booklet 10: Capability of Measurement and Test Processes;415
25;21 Index;441