The gay & lesbian Handbook & Compendium on Coming-Out & same-sex Partnerships
E-Book, Englisch, 402 Seiten
ISBN: 978-3-7519-1001-9
Verlag: Books on Demand
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Kein
Every second man has sex and orgasm experiences with another man, reports Alfred Kinsey, empirical sexologist.
This Handbook and Compendium "Committed Sensations" is not only about help and ways for a personal coming-out and a successful identity development with regard to everyday questions like how to build up a network of queer friends, but at the political level it also summarizes topics like e.g. gay-lesbian family politics, state marriage and church weddings - and as well it is about fostering discussions for the central keynotes of lesbian and gay couples within the last 50 years of gay-lesbian movement.
From the content:
@ Young people's Coming-Out
@ How to introduce the friend to parents and in-laws
@ Marriage and family policies for same-sex partnerships and their children
@ Design of a modern queer/human theology
@ Gender as a social construction
@ For the homosexual, the private is political: politics for same-sex couples in the Parliament
@ Homosexuality is a mature variant of human sexual behavior that is equivalent to Heterosexuality
@ Social reporting on Lesbians, Gays and their long-term marriages
@ Intimate communication: let's talk about Condoms, PrEP and Safe Sex
@ Marketing & Online-Dating-Apps for Gays and Lesbians
@ Identity as a statement on yourself
@ Loyalty in relationships: The majority of Gays live together with a boyfriend in their apartment. 38 percent of gay men lead their relationship even for more than 10 years
@ Church wedding and wedding ceremonies with partnership blessings of same-sex couples
@ Lesbians, Gays and same-sex partnerships as a topic at school.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
Chapter 1 1. Gender role as a social dimension independent of sexual orientation Handbook & Compendium `Committed Sensations´ Gender as a social construction The redefinition of masculinity and femininity Crossdressing, Gender Switching and the impact on the New Man Terms Information section Gender as a social construction With matter of course people are divided into women and men. The existence of two sexes is not considered to require further explanation, it is set as an apparently objective fact by biology. Even where one considers the "gender" or "gender role" as the result of social imprinting, the gender difference is made based on the biological difference. As a result, however, the question of the “typical”, to be acquired forms of action and behavior, abilities, properties - exactly what the term male or female “social character” seeks to capture - recedes. All the more important are the insights that are based on a cultural coding of gender and gender relationships: Masculinity or femininity cannot be traced back to the biological sex (genitals) and even the "gender-typical" (social) characteristics, the psycho-social gender difference (e.g. aggressive dominance behavior is attributed to men) differ according to frequency or intensity: „The variation of social gender characteristics within a gender is larger in almost all research than the difference between the mean values for each gender“ (see Gildemeister op.cit.:225). Taking the argument seriously that people are "by nature" through and through social beings also means including "gender". Physicality and gender are the results of social and cultural processes based on symbol-mediated social interaction and cultural and institutional deposition and consolidation. That means: Also, the dichotomy of sex and gender, its consequences and interpretations are the results of social constructions. So, “gender” is constructed socially in everyday life and in dialogue with others. Initially, it is not about denying the biological basis of humans. The dialectic, the interplay of “being a body” and “having a body” is not exposed to it but is fundamental for the appropriation of identity factors. Men and women are nature and culture - and in the mutual interlinking of both women and men are then produced or: “created” (op.Cit). But even biologists do not separate sharply into a dual gender and rely on a sliding "more or less" instead of a rigorous "either-or", such as the realization that in mammals the genetic sex need not match the somatic (physical) sex. A collection of all body characteristics, which are used in biological gender determinations, would in no way result in a gender definition for all persons, which clearly applies from birth and remains unchanged. Opposing gender only becomes a fact in everyday social life. Essential elements of our culture are based on everyday theories and basic assumptions about the "natural naturalness" of the gender of the social. This includes the inevitability of assigning a person to the female/male category system. Everyone is recorded by gender, nobody can avoid the strict “two-valued classification”, the rigorous “either-or”. The rule of incompatibility and immutability applies: everyone must be male or female at any time - one of both, not both at the same time. All cultural standards of behavior / constants can be acquired in the form of gender conformity, and that means for a society that is based on the polarization of gender roles and the generalization of their effects: There is no identity and individuality outside of gender (see Gildemeister op.cit). This social coding of the two categories is not or only little reflected in the social actions, it belongs to the central repertoire of everyday routine perception and social action. "Woman", "man", "female", "male" are acquired as symbols in social interaction and are at the same time a prerequisite for participation in communications: Social interaction is therefore not a medium in which "gender" acts as an action-influencing factor, but a forming process of its own kind, in which "gender" and "sex identity" are learned and produced by the actors and subjects interpreting social reality. In other words, people are not initially assigned to one or the other gender because they act accordingly and have the corresponding characteristics, but their actions and behavior are assessed and evaluated on the basis of an assignment to a gender category, whereby, as with other processes of creating social order, exceptions, inconsistencies and breaks have to be dealt with on a daily basis. Such behavior and property assignments are always fictitious, do not apply “literally”. Gender identity should therefore not be limited to defining yourself as female or male, but encompasses complex processes of appropriation after birth through socialization: We are “made” to be male or female (ibid, op.Cit.). If you look at the individual in his biological and social course of life, the term "gender" can be found on different levels: the chromosonal sex, which is related to the sex chromosome and results from the fertilization, the union of the gamete cells (egg cell / sperm cell), the genetic sex, determined according to the genotype and the gender-terminating genes and normally according to the chromosonal gender, the gonadal sex, the gonads or sex glands. A person with testes is considered male, with ovaries female. The gonadal gender usually corresponds to the chromosonal gender. There are also exceptions, such as the XX male, who does not have a male sex chromosome (Y) but who has a testicle, the hormonal sex results from the proportions of female and male sex hormones (estrogens and progestogens, respective androgens), the anatomical sex, morphological or genital gender, it refers to the (external) genital organs, i.e. to the vagina (labia and clitoris) on the one hand and limb and scrotum on the other hand, the natal or birth sex, also called the identification or midwife gender; it is determined immediately after birth with regard to the visible genital organs and entered in the birth certificate: Whoever has a limb is considered a boy, whoever has labia is considered a girl. On the basis of this definition (with which errors can also occur), socialization and education as a boy or girl begin according to the different cultural patterns for men and women, combined with self-perception and perception of others as male or female (identity development). If a gender is incorrectly declared at birth at first glance, the later the wrong attribution is discovered, the greater the problems will arise, since (gender-specific) socialization has already progressed (comp. BTDS 13/5757). Here the social construction of gender is particularly evident; the legal sex is based on the registration of the male or female gender in the birth certificate, the psychological sex considers the psychological characteristics of the gender: women are considered more tender, men are more aggressive, more virile, etc., the cultural or social sex, respective gender (comp. op.Cit.): The social or cultural gender is expressed in the gender-typical characteristics: the social conditions and gender roles, in male and female models, in male and female norms of behavior, in customs and agreements. The social gender is acquired, raised, forced, socialized. If a person does not behave according to their social gender, it is striking. For example, if a groom appeared in a white wedding dress or a politician in a skirt and blouse came to the lectern, quite a few people would find it inconsistent. The relationships between and amoung the sexes, the relationship of the sexes towards each other, are of outstanding importance for the social gender. This is particularly evident in the different male and female models (in historical comparison or in comparison to other cultures), on what e.g. is considered typically "female", due to changed gender roles and changes in the relationships between the sexes. While some languages only knows the word “sex”, the distinction between “sex” and “gender” has developed in the English-American language: “sex” is understood to mean the biological, physical sex, “gender” means the social, cultural sex (the gender). We know the primary and secondary sex characteristics of women and men (this is also how gender is assigned at birth), but we only know what a woman and a man mean in a particular society after a social examination. It is a social construction of gender: after that, the gender difference cannot be considered as given, but is created permanently and interactively. Ursula Scheu's 1977 book of the same (german language) name established the social constitution of gender with the words: „We are not born as girls or boys - we are made to be so“ (op.Cit). Gender is not seen as a biological, but as a social construction, that is, something that is or has to be “made”...
