Kapur / Eswaran / Blum Sustainable Land Management

Learning from the Past for the Future
2011
ISBN: 978-3-642-14782-1
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 415 Seiten, eBook

Soil quality is threatened by many human-induced activities, but can also be improved by good land management. In the relatively short history of mankind on earth, the landscape and soils of the world have been drastically modified from their "natural " state. Landscapes altered by man's activities are termed "Anthroscapes" which are inextricably linked to culture and history. The challenges for today's scientists are to devise and implement sustainable land management strategies in order to preserve the land for the benefit of future generations. This book is a valuable compendium of the research experiences so far gained in studies of the context and concept of the "Anthroscape" and highlights the potential future contributions of such research to sustainable development.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kapur, Selim

Eswaran, Hari

Blum, Winfried E.H.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Dedicated to the Dear Memory of Prof. Dr. Cemil Cangir (1946-2010);6
2;Preface;8
3;Contents;10
4;Contributors;12
5;The Anthroscape Approach in Sustainable Land Use;18
5.1;1 Introduction;19
5.2;2 Materials and Methods;22
5.2.1;2.1 The Study Area;22
5.2.2;2.2 Driving Forces and Impacts of Misuse;26
5.2.3;2.3 Socio-Economy;27
5.2.4;2.4 Migration;27
5.2.5;2.5 Fragmentation;36
5.2.6;2.6 Natural Resources;37
5.2.7;2.7 Environmental Problems (Improper: - Land/Soil, and Water Use and - Crop Selection and Animal Production);37
5.2.8;2.8 Quantification of the Anthroscape;43
5.2.9;2.9 Quantification of the Carbon by NPP at the ALQCs;55
5.3;3 Results;58
5.4;4 Conclusion;60
5.5;References;65
6;Anthroscapes in the Light of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy;68
6.1;1 Introduction;68
6.2;2 The Importance of Anthroscapes Within the Soil Thematic Strategy;69
6.3;3 Some Relevant Anthroscapes in Europe;71
6.4;4 Conclusions;72
6.5;References;73
7;Soil Erosion-Desertification and the Middle Eastern Anthroscapes;74
7.1;1 Introduction;75
7.2;2 Materials and Methods;77
7.2.1;2.1 Materials;77
7.2.1.1;2.1.1 The Study Watersheds-Features, Land Use, Management and Monitoring Objectives;77
7.2.1.2;2.1.2 The Yatir Forest (Israel): Afforestation of a Semiarid Rangeland;77
7.2.1.3;2.1.3 Humret Es-Sahin Watershed (Jordan): Rangelands Rehabilitation over an Aridity Gradient;78
7.2.1.4;2.1.4 Southern Hebron Highlands (Palestinian National Authority): Promotion of Agro-Pastoral Systems Along an Aridity Gradient;80
7.2.1.5;2.1.5 Kzlöz Microcatchment (Turkey): Rehabilitation of Sylvi-Agro-Pastoral Watershed;81
7.2.1.6;2.1.6 Summary of Watersheds´ Features, Land Use, Management and Research Objectives;82
7.2.2;2.2 Methods;83
7.2.2.1;2.2.1 Precipitation;83
7.2.2.2;2.2.2 Runoff and Sediment;83
7.2.2.3;2.2.3 Soil-Erosion, Properties and Moisture;84
7.2.2.4;2.2.4 Vegetation;85
7.2.2.5;2.2.5 Trees;85
7.2.2.6;2.2.6 Non-woody (Herbaceous) Natural Vegetation;86
7.3;3 Results;87
7.3.1;3.1 Precipitation Features;88
7.3.2;3.2 Rainfall, Throughfall and Stemflow;88
7.3.3;3.3 Runoff and Sediment Discharge at the Watershed Scale;89
7.3.4;3.4 Relations Between Runoff and Rainfall;89
7.3.5;3.5 Relations Between Suspended Sediment and Runoff;91
7.3.6;3.6 Sediment Discharge in Relation to Watershed Management;94
7.3.7;3.7 Soil Erosion Through Gullying in Relations to Watershed Management;96
7.3.8;3.8 Watershed Processes at the Local Scale;96
7.3.9;3.9 Rainfall, Runoff and Sediment Deposition;97
7.3.10;3.10 Soil Cover, Runoff and Erosion;98
7.3.11;3.11 Soil Moisture Response to Soil Conservation Measures;99
7.3.12;3.12 The Effect of Afforestation on Soil Moisture;110
7.3.13;3.13 Soil Cover, Runoff, Soil Organic Matter and Soil Moisture;115
7.3.14;3.14 Vegetation;117
7.3.15;3.15 Trees;118
7.3.16;3.16 Non-woody Vegetation;120
7.3.17;3.17 Aggregate Measures of Vegetation Cover;120
7.3.18;3.18 Community Measures;127
7.4;4 Discussion and Conclusions;136
7.5;References;140
8;Soils of the Mediterranean Region, Their Characteristics, Management and Sustainable Use;142
8.1;1 Introduction;143
8.2;2 Description of Major Soils;144
8.2.1;2.1 Histosols;145
8.2.2;2.2 Anthrosols;146
8.2.3;2.3 Leptosols;147
8.2.4;2.4 Vertisols;148
8.2.5;2.5 Fluvisols;149
8.2.6;2.6 Gleysols, Solonchaks and Solonetz;149
8.2.7;2.7 Andosols;151
8.2.8;2.8 Kastanozems and Phaeozems;151
8.2.9;2.9 Umbrisols;151
8.2.10;2.10 Gypsisols, Durisols and Calcisols;152
8.2.11;2.11 Luvisols;154
8.2.12;2.12 Arenosols;154
8.2.13;2.13 Cambisols;155
8.2.14;2.14 Regosols;155
8.3;3 Soil Degradation and Soil Protection in the Mediterranean;156
8.4;4 Conclusions;157
8.5;References;158
9;Mountain Anthroscapes, the Case of the Italian Alps;160
9.1;1 Introduction;160
9.2;2 Negative Human Impacts Creating/Reshaping Anthroscapes;162
9.2.1;2.1 The Impacts of Winter Resorts: the Case of Ski Slides and Ski-Lift Facilities;162
9.2.2;2.2 The Mountain Off-Roading: A Growing Environmental Problem;164
9.2.3;2.3 Mining Dumps;166
9.2.4;2.4 Industrial and Civil Settlements Along Riversides and Valley Floors;166
9.2.5;2.5 Stone Quarrying;168
9.2.6;2.6 Waste Disposal in Mountain Areas;169
9.3;3 Positive Human Impacts and Inheritances Creating Anthroscapes;170
9.3.1;3.1 Mountain Terracing;170
9.3.2;3.2 Archaeological Imprints: From Palaeolithic to the Roman Ages and More;172
9.3.3;3.3 Pastureland, Overgrazing, Forestry;174
9.4;4 Conclusions;175
9.5;References;177
10;Development and Challenges of the Anthroscapes in the Clay Soil District of Eastern Norway;179
10.1;1 Introduction;179
10.1.1;1.1 Development and Characteristics of the Landscape Region Clay Soil District in Eastern Norway;181
10.1.2;1.2 Land Use and Land Management;185
10.1.3;1.3 Knowledge About Anthroscapes and the Implementation of a More Sustainable Land Management;193
10.2;References;194
11;Anthroscapes and Anthropogenic Soils in North-Western Sardinia: The Soils with Calcrete Horizon in the Alghero Area (Italy);195
11.1;1 Introduction;195
11.1.1;1.1 Anthrosols and Anthroscapes;195
11.1.2;1.2 Calcrete Pedogenesis and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Soils;196
11.2;2 The Study Area and its Land Use;198
11.2.1;2.1 The Reclamation Interventions;200
11.3;3 The Original Soils and the Anthropogenic Soils;201
11.4;4 Conclusions;206
11.5;References;207
12;Stimulated Soil Formation in a Degraded Anthroscape: A Case Study in Southeast Spain;208
12.1;1 Introduction;209
12.2;2 Materials and Methods;209
12.2.1;2.1 Study Area and Addition of Amendments;209
12.2.2;2.2 In Situ Characterization of Mine Tailings by Electrical Resistivity Measurement;210
12.2.3;2.3 Chemical and Mineral Characterization;211
12.2.4;2.4 Micromorphological Analysis;211
12.3;3 Results;211
12.3.1;3.1 In Situ Characterization of Materials in Tailing Deposits;211
12.3.2;3.2 Chemical and Salt Mineral Characterization;212
12.3.3;3.3 Micromorphology of Amended Mine Tailing Deposits;214
12.4;4 Discussion;214
12.4.1;4.1 Non-destructive Characterization of Mine Tailing Deposits;214
12.4.2;4.2 Plant Establishment in Mine Tailings;215
12.4.3;4.3 Simultaneous Additions of OM and Calcite Stimulate Soil Formation in Anthroscapes;216
12.5;5 Conclusions;216
12.6;References;217
13;Asian Anthroscapes: China and Taiwan;219
13.1;1 Introduction;220
13.2;2 Origin and Development of Soil Science in Ancient China;221
13.3;3 Anthropogenic Soils in China;223
13.3.1;3.1 Formation of Paddy Soils in China;224
13.3.2;3.2 The Degradation of Soil Organic Matter;225
13.3.3;3.3 Eluviation and Illuviation of Cations;226
13.3.4;3.4 Eluviation and Illuviation of Iron and Manganese;227
13.3.5;3.5 Decomposition and Synthesis of Clay Minerals;227
13.3.6;3.6 Paddification Processes in Paddy Soils;227
13.3.7;3.7 Cultivated Horizon;228
13.3.8;3.8 Plowpan;228
13.3.9;3.9 Percogenic Horizon;229
13.3.10;3.10 Linthitic Horizon or Illuvial Horizon;229
13.3.11;3.11 Gley Horizon;229
13.3.12;3.12 Anthropic Epipedon of Anthrosols;229
13.3.13;3.13 Siltigic (or Irragric) Epipedon;230
13.3.14;3.14 Cumulic Epipedon;230
13.3.15;3.15 Fimic Epipedon;231
13.3.16;3.16 Anthrostagnic Epipedon;231
13.3.17;3.17 Hydragric Horizon;232
13.3.18;3.18 Carbon Stocks in Paddy Soils of China;232
13.3.19;3.19 Pedogenic Iron and Manganese Characteristics of Paddy Soil Chronosequences in China;235
13.3.20;3.20 Fimic Characterization of Anthrosols in China;237
13.3.21;3.21 Anthroscapes in Taiwan;239
13.3.22;3.22 Gleyization Process of Paddy Soils in Taiwan;239
13.3.23;3.23 Redoximorphic Features (Clay Accumulation and Segregation of Iron and Manganese);240
13.3.24;3.24 Paddy Soils on the Red Alluvial Soils in Northern Taiwan;241
13.3.25;3.25 Paddy Soils of Slate Alluvial Soils in Central Taiwan;244
13.3.26;3.26 Paddy Soils of Sandstone and Shale Alluvial Soils in Southern Taiwan;247
13.3.27;3.27 Classification of Paddy Soils in Taiwan;248
13.4;4 Conclusion;251
13.5;References;252
14;An Anthroscape from Morocco: Degraded Rangeland Systems and Introduction of Exotic Plant Material and Technology;256
14.1;1 Introduction;257
14.2;2 The Study Area;258
14.3;3 The Anthroscape Before the Interventions;260
14.4;4 The Newly Created Anthroscape;263
14.5;5 Discussion and Conclusions;266
14.6;References;269
15;The Historical Anthroscape of Adana and the Fertile Lands;271
15.1;1 Introduction;271
15.2;2 Components of the Ancient Anthroscape;273
15.2.1;2.1 Irrigation;273
15.2.1.1;2.1.1 Irrigation Versus the People of Adana;274
15.2.1.2;2.1.2 Horse Driven Wells;274
15.2.2;2.2 Diversion Canals Served After a 1,000-Year Period;276
15.2.3;2.3 Floods Reinforcing Fertility;279
15.2.4;2.4 Benefiting from Fauna and Agriculture;279
15.2.5;2.5 Satsneferru, the Egyptian Nurse;280
15.2.6;2.6 Adana, the Paradise for Spinnable Fibres;281
15.2.7;2.7 Lions Preventing Agriculture;282
15.2.8;2.8 The Turks in Çukurova;283
15.2.9;2.9 The Cotton Anthroscape of Adana;284
15.2.10;2.10 lbrahim Pasha´s Contributions;285
15.2.11;2.11 The American Civil War and the Cotton of Adana;286
15.2.12;2.12 The Decrease of the Cotton Plantations in Adana;289
15.2.13;2.13 Phoenicians Calling at Adana Ports;290
15.2.14;2.14 Prognose and Medication;291
15.2.15;2.15 The Reign of the Romans;293
15.2.16;2.16 The Inherited Practices of the Adana Region;293
15.2.17;2.17 The Traditional Tomato Crop of Adana;294
15.2.18;2.18 The Keli-Calcrete/River Terraces;295
15.3;References;296
16;Impact of Shifting Agriculture on the Sustainability of Anthroscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia;297
16.1;1 Introduction;297
16.2;2 Shifting Cultivation;299
16.3;3 Impact Analyses;300
16.3.1;3.1 Land Capability;300
16.3.2;3.2 Stewardship Versus Ownership;300
16.3.3;3.3 Degradation of Non-renewable Resources;301
16.4;4 Viable Options;301
16.4.1;4.1 Multidisciplinary Approach;301
16.4.2;4.2 Spatial Data;301
16.4.3;4.3 Relocation;303
16.5;5 Conclusions;303
16.6;References;303
17;Roman Mining Landscapes in the Murcia Region, SE Spain: Risk Assessment of Mine Ponds;305
17.1;1 Introduction;306
17.2;2 Materials and Methods;306
17.2.1;2.1 Study Area;306
17.2.2;2.2 Geochemical Characterization;307
17.2.3;2.3 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging;308
17.2.4;2.4 Hydrological Analysis;309
17.3;3 Results;310
17.3.1;3.1 Geochemical Characterization;310
17.3.1.1;3.1.1 Surface Metals Distribution;310
17.3.1.2;3.1.2 Spatial Distribution of Metals;312
17.3.1.3;3.1.3 Metals Distribution in the Ponds;313
17.3.2;3.2 Geo-Electrical Characterization by the Electrical Resistivity Imaging Method;314
17.3.3;3.3 Hydrological Analysis;317
17.4;4 Conclusions;321
17.5;References;321
18;Anthroscape of the Mediterranean Coastal Area in the Context of Hydrogeology: Projected Impacts of Climate Change;323
18.1;1 Introduction;324
18.2;2 A Mathematical Tool for Evaluating the Hydrogeologic Anthroscape;325
18.3;3 Description of the Study Area;326
18.3.1;3.1 Physiography and Climate;326
18.3.2;3.2 Hydrogeology and Mathematical Model;327
18.4;4 Scenarios;330
18.5;5 Calibration of Mathematical Model;332
18.6;6 Projected Results;334
18.6.1;6.1 Changes in Lagoon Water Salinity;334
18.6.2;6.2 Changes in the Groundwater Table;335
18.6.3;6.3 Changes in Groundwater Salinity;335
18.6.4;6.4 Changes in Groundwater Velocity Vectors;339
18.6.5;6.5 Salt Accumulation on the Land Surface;339
18.7;7 Discussion and Conclusions;341
18.8;References;342
19;Re-evaluating Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Soil and Water Management in the Sahel: A Case Study from Niger;345
19.1;1 Introduction;345
19.2;2 Landscape and Land Management in Southwestern Niger;346
19.2.1;2.1 Landscape of Southwestern Niger;346
19.2.2;2.2 Soil Properties;347
19.2.3;2.3 Pearl Millet Cultivation and Fertility Management;348
19.2.4;2.4 Desertification Process;349
19.2.5;2.5 Successes and Failures of the New Land Management Efforts;349
19.3;3 Revealing Mechanisms of Sustainable Conservation Techniques;350
19.3.1;3.1 Common Conservation Techniques;350
19.3.2;3.2 Experiments Undertaken on the Working Mechanism of the Conservation Techniques;351
19.3.2.1;3.2.1 Location of the Study Site;351
19.3.2.2;3.2.2 Design of the Test Field;352
19.3.3;3.3 Results, the Working Mechanisms of Conservation Works;353
19.3.3.1;3.3.1 Effect of Conservation Works on Decreasing Surface Runoffs;353
19.3.3.2;3.3.2 Effect of Water-Harvesting at the Bund;354
19.3.3.3;3.3.3 Spatial Variability of Surface Permeability;354
19.3.3.4;3.3.4 Growth of Millet in Relation to Water Availability;355
19.4;4 Discussion: Wise Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Land Use;357
19.4.1;4.1 Soil Surface Management;357
19.4.2;4.2 Conserving Trees for Conserving Field;358
19.4.3;4.3 A Strategy to Adapt to Erratic Precipitation;359
19.5;5 Conclusion;360
19.6;References;361
20;Local Wisdom of Land and Water Management: The Fundamental Anthroscape of Japan;363
20.1;1 Introduction;363
20.2;2 ``Suido´´: Paddy Cultivation Based Land and Water Management System of Japan;364
20.2.1;2.1 Suido;364
20.2.2;2.2 Formation of Suido in Japan;366
20.3;3 ``Satoyama´´: Expression of Suido in Japan;366
20.3.1;3.1 Satoyama;366
20.3.2;3.2 History of Satoyama;368
20.3.3;3.3 Significance of Satoyama System;369
20.3.4;3.4 Conservation of Satoyama;370
20.4;4 Depression of Suido;370
20.5;5 Rehabilitation of Suido;371
20.5.1;5.1 Adaptive Management;371
20.5.2;5.2 ``Mitameshi´´: An Adaptive Management Strategy for Better Human-Nature Relationships;372
20.6;6 Conclusions;373
20.7;References;374
21;Reconstructing the Past by Regenerating Biodiversity: A Treatise on Weed Contribution to Soil Quality at a Post-cultivation Succession;375
21.1;1 Introduction;376
21.1.1;1.1 The Weeds;376
21.1.2;1.2 Studies on Soils;377
21.2;2 Materials and Methods;377
21.2.1;2.1 Materials;377
21.2.1.1;2.1.1 Location and Soils;377
21.2.1.2;2.1.2 Weeds;378
21.2.2;2.2 Methods;378
21.2.2.1;2.2.1 Weeds;378
21.2.2.2;2.2.2 Soils;378
21.3;3 Results;380
21.3.1;3.1 The Weed Succession from 1998 to 2008;380
21.3.2;3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Water Stable Aggregates (WSA) Within the Weed Rhizospheres;382
21.3.3;3.3 Micromorphological (Sub-microscopic) Properties of the WSA;385
21.4;4 Conclusions;386
21.5;References;389
22;Economic and Social Impact of the Degraded Antroscapes;391
22.1;1 Introduction;391
22.2;2 Brief History of the Traditional Economic Growth Theory;394
22.3;3 Back to Convergence in Economic Growth;397
22.3.1;3.1 The Antroscape and Environmental Externalities;398
22.4;4 The Degraded Antroscape;402
22.5;5 Sustainability Strategy;406
22.5.1;5.1 SWOT Analysis;406
22.5.2;5.2 Affordability Analysis;406
22.5.3;5.3 Livelihood Analysis;407
22.5.4;5.4 Pest Analysis;407
22.5.4.1;5.4.1 Political Factors;407
22.5.4.2;5.4.2 Economic Factors;408
22.5.4.3;5.4.3 Socio-cultural Factors;408
22.5.4.4;5.4.4 Technological Factors;408
22.5.4.5;5.4.5 Inter-Sectoral Strategy;409
22.5.4.6;5.4.6 Education and Skills Strategy;409
22.6;6 The Degregation Issue;410
22.7;7 The Cost of Degradation;412
22.7.1;7.1 Benefit Cost Analysis;414
22.7.2;7.2 Valuing Changes in Production;414
22.7.3;7.3 Averting and Mitigating Behavior;415
22.7.4;7.4 Travel Cost Method;415
22.7.5;7.5 Hedonic Prices;416
22.7.6;7.6 Contingent Valuation Method;416
22.7.7;7.7 Quantifying Health Services;417
22.7.8;7.8 Valuing Health Effects;417
22.7.8.1;7.8.1 Quantification of Environmental Degradation;418
22.7.8.2;7.8.2 Quantification of Consequences of Degradation;418
22.7.8.3;7.8.3 A Monetary Valuation of the Consequences;418
22.8;8 Conclusion;419
22.9;References;419
23;Index;422