Migration Ecology of Birds
E-Book, Englisch, 984 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-08-055483-9
Verlag: Elsevier Reference Monographs
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
* Hot ecological aspects include: various types of bird movements, including dispersal and nomadism, and how they relate to food supplies and other external conditions
* Contains numerous tables, maps and diagrams, a glossary, and a bibliography of more than 2,700 references
* Written by an active researcher with a distinguished career in avian ecology, including migration research
Dr. Ian Newton is respected world-wide both as a biologist with a special interest and expertise in this subject and as a communicator. He is a seasoned and popular key note speaker at National and International meetings, and his talks are often the high point of conferences.Ian Newton was born and raised in north Derbyshire. He attended Chesterfield Boys Grammar School, followed by the universities of Bristol and Oxford. He has been interested in birds since boyhood, and as a teenager developed a particular fascination with finches, which later led to doctoral and post-doctoral studies on these birds. Later in life he became known fore his penetrating field studies of bird populations, notably on raptors. He is now a senior ecologist with the Natural Environment Research Council, and visiting professor of ornithology at the University of Oxford. Most of his research has been in Scotland, but he has also spent a sabbatical year with the Canadian Wildlife Service, studying waterfowl, and is a frequent visitor to research groups in the United States and elsewhere. He has published more than 200 scientific papers on birds, and several books, including Finches (1972), Population Ecology of Raptors (1979), The Sparrowhawk (1986), and Lifetime Reproduction in Birds (edited, 1989). He has served as President of the British Ecological Society, Vice-president of the British Ornithologists' Union, and is honorary member of the American Ornithologists' Union. He has received several prestigious awards for research and conservation, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1993. He is married, and has two sons and a daughter.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;The Migration Ecology of Birds;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Chapter 1 Introduction;10
6.1;TYPES OF BIRD MOVEMENTS;11
6.2;ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION;14
6.3;THE DIVERSITY OF MIGRATION;16
6.4;SEDENTARY POPULATIONS;25
6.5;HIBERNATION;26
6.6;SUMMARY;26
7;Chapter 2 Methodology;28
7.1;OBSERVATIONS OF BIRDS ON MIGRATION;29
7.2;RADAR AND OTHER DEVICES;31
7.3;DISTRIBUTION STUDIES;34
7.4;RINGING;34
7.5;RADIO-TRACKING;39
7.6;ISOTOPES AND OTHER MARKERS;41
7.7;CONNECTIVITY;44
7.8;STOPOVER ECOLOGY;44
7.9;LABORATORY RESEARCH ON PHYSIOLOGY, MIGRATORY RESTLESSNESS AND DIRECTIONAL PREFERENCES;45
7.10;BREEDING PROGRAMMES;47
7.11;MATHEMATICAL MODELS;48
7.12;CONCLUDING REMARKS;49
7.13;SUMMARY;50
8;PART ONE: THE MIGRATORY PROCESS;52
8.1;Chapter 3 Migratory flight;54
8.1.1;BODY WEIGHT, SPEED AND FLIGHT MODE;55
8.1.2;FLAPPING AND SOARING FLIGHT;65
8.1.3;THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY HEIGHT;70
8.1.4;CONCLUSIONS ON THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE IN BIRD MIGRATION;70
8.1.5;THE NEED FOR REST;71
8.1.6;MIGRATION BY WALKING OR SWIMMING;73
8.1.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;74
8.1.8;SUMMARY;74
8.2;Chapter 4 Weather effects and other aspects;76
8.2.1;MIGRATION AND WEATHER;77
8.2.2;ALTITUDE OF MIGRATION;87
8.2.3;DIURNAL AND NOCTURNAL FLIGHT;94
8.2.4;SOCIAL FACTORS;98
8.2.5;REVERSE MIGRATION;101
8.2.6;SUMMARY;102
8.3;Chapter 5 Fuelling the flights;104
8.3.1;ENERGY NEEDS AND BODY COMPOSITION;105
8.3.2;MIGRATION MODE;114
8.3.3;MECHANISMS OF FUEL DEPOSITION;121
8.3.4;DAILY RATES OF WEIGHT GAIN;126
8.3.5;EXAMPLES OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION;127
8.3.6;FAT CHICKS;139
8.3.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;141
8.3.8;SUMMARY;142
8.3.9;APPENDIX 5.1 CALCULATION OF FLIGHT RANGES;143
8.4;Chapter 6 Incredible journeys;148
8.4.1;SEA-CROSSINGS;149
8.4.2;DESERT CROSSINGS;154
8.4.3;HIGH MOUNTAINS;165
8.4.4;OTHER BARRIERS;168
8.4.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;168
8.4.6;SUMMARY;169
8.4.7;POSTSCRIPT;170
8.5;Chapter 7 Raptors and other soaring birds;172
8.5.1;USE OF THERMALS AND OTHER UPDRAFTS;184
8.5.2;EXTENSION OF MIGRATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOARING;191
8.5.3;SOCIAL FACTORS;191
8.5.4;COUNTS IN ISRAEL;192
8.5.5;NUMBERS ENTERING AFRICA;196
8.5.6;MIGRATION AT OTHER SITES;197
8.5.7;ENERGY RESERVES;198
8.5.8;SUMMARY;200
8.6;Chapter 8 Speed and duration of journeys;202
8.6.1;THEORETICAL BASIS;204
8.6.2;EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES;208
8.6.3;PROPORTION OF MIGRATION SPENT IN FLIGHT;231
8.6.4;APPARENT NON-STOP SEA-CROSSINGS;236
8.6.5;PENGUINS;237
8.6.6;MIGRATION WITHIN THE ANNUAL CYCLE;237
8.6.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;238
8.6.8;SUMMARY;239
8.7;Chapter 9 Finding the way;240
8.7.1;COMPASS ORIENTATION AND BI-COORDINATE NAVIGATION;242
8.7.2;CUES USED IN DIRECTION FINDING;250
8.7.3;SOCIAL FACTORS;266
8.7.4;LOXODROMES AND ORTHODROMES;268
8.7.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;272
8.7.6;SUMMARY;273
8.8;Chapter 10 Vagrancy;276
8.8.1;PROBABILITY OF ARRIVAL;280
8.8.2;LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL;282
8.8.3;EFFECT OF POPULATION SIZE;283
8.8.4;DRIFT BY WIND;284
8.8.5;OVERSHOOTING;290
8.8.6;DEVIANT DIRECTIONAL TENDENCIES;293
8.8.7;MIRROR-IMAGE MIGRATION;294
8.8.8;REVERSED-DIRECTION MIGRATION;295
8.8.9;NEW ROUTES AND RANGE EXPANSION;299
8.8.10;HUMAN-ASSISTED VAGRANCY;303
8.8.11;EVIDENCE FROM RINGING;304
8.8.12;CONCLUDING REMARKS;304
8.8.13;SUMMARY;307
9;PART TWO: THE TIMING AND CONTROL OF MIGRATION;310
9.1;Chapter 11 Annual cycles;312
9.1.1;VARIATIONS IN ANNUAL CYCLES;313
9.1.2;INTERNAL TIME KEEPING;324
9.1.3;FLEXIBLE CYCLES;336
9.1.4;CONCLUDING REMARKS;337
9.1.5;SUMMARY;339
9.2;Chapter 12 Control mechanisms;342
9.2.1;OBLIGATE AND FACULTATIVE MODES;343
9.2.2;MIGRATION TIMING, DISTANCES AND DIRECTIONS;346
9.2.3;AUTUMN MIGRATION;356
9.2.4;SPRING MIGRATION;361
9.2.5;RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING ARRIVAL, BREEDING AND AUTUMN DEPARTURE;368
9.2.6;DEFERRED RETURN TO BREEDING AREAS;369
9.2.7;HORMONAL ISSUES;370
9.2.8;CONCLUDING REMARKS;372
9.2.9;SUMMARY;373
10;PART THREE: LARGE-SCALE MOVEMENT PATTERNS;376
10.1;Chapter 13 Geographical patterns;378
10.1.1;LATITUDINAL TRENDS;379
10.1.2;MIGRATION AND DIET;384
10.1.3;LATITUDINAL SHIFTS;386
10.1.4;ALTITUDINAL MIGRATION;388
10.1.5;COMPARISONS BETWEEN HEMISPHERES;389
10.1.6;RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREEDING AND WINTERING AREAS;391
10.1.7;MIGRATION WITHIN THE SOUTHERN CONTINENTS;398
10.1.8;CONCLUDING REMARKS;403
10.1.9;SUMMARY;405
10.2;Chapter 14 Seasonal occupation of breeding areas;408
10.2.1;LATITUDINAL TREND IN THE TIMING OF SPRING;411
10.2.2;RECOLONISATION PATTERNS;415
10.2.3;RE-OCCUPATION OF LOCAL BREEDING AREAS;421
10.2.4;POST-BREEDING RETREAT;429
10.2.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;432
10.2.6;SUMMARY;432
10.3;Chapter 15 Sex and age differences in migration;434
10.3.1;MIGRATORY TIMING AND BREEDING ROLES;435
10.3.2;MIGRATORY DISTANCE, BODY SIZE AND DOMINANCE;447
10.3.3;MIGRATION AND DEFERRED BREEDING;454
10.3.4;SPECIES SUMMERING IN 'WINTERING' AREAS;455
10.3.5;LOCAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS;460
10.3.6;OTHER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEX AND AGE GROUPS;461
10.3.7;GENETIC CONTROL OF SEX AND AGE DIFFERENCES;463
10.3.8;CONCLUDING REMARKS;463
10.3.9;SUMMARY;464
10.4;Chapter 16 Variations on a migratory theme;466
10.4.1;MOULT MIGRATIONS;466
10.4.2;MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE BREEDING SEASON;472
10.4.3;MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE NON-BREEDING SEASON;475
10.4.4;NOMADISM;480
10.4.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;486
10.4.6;SUMMARY;487
10.5;Chapter 17 Site-fidelity and dispersal;488
10.5.1;NATAL DISPERSAL;491
10.5.2;BREEDING DISPERSAL;498
10.5.3;LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSERS;509
10.5.4;NON-BREEDING DISPERSAL;510
10.5.5;FIDELITY TO STOPOVER SITES;517
10.5.6;POST-FLEDGING DISPERSAL;520
10.5.7;DISPERSIVE MIGRATION;522
10.5.8;SITE ATTACHMENT;527
10.5.9;OTHER ASPECTS OF DISPERSAL;529
10.5.10;SUMMARY;530
10.6;Chapter 18 Irruptive migrations: boreal seed-eaters;532
10.6.1;SEED CROPS;533
10.6.2;THE IRRUPTIVE SEED-EATERS AND FRUIT-EATERS;535
10.6.3;TWICE-YEARLY MIGRANTS;535
10.6.4;ONCE-YEARLY MIGRANTS;555
10.6.5;OVERVIEW OF SEED-EATERS;566
10.6.6;CONCLUDING REMARKS;568
10.6.7;SUMMARY;570
10.7;Chapter 19 Irruptive migrations: owls, raptors and waterfowl;572
10.7.1;OWLS AND OTHER PREDATORS;573
10.7.2;WATERFOWL AND OTHERS;590
10.7.3;CONCLUDING REMARKS;594
10.7.4;SUMMARY;595
11;PART FOUR: EVOLUTION OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS;596
11.1;Chapter 20 Evolutionary aspects;598
11.1.1;ADAPTATIONS FOR MIGRATION;600
11.1.2;ADAPTIVE TIMING;605
11.1.3;PARTIAL MIGRATION;606
11.1.4;THE GENETICAL CONTROL OF MIGRATION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE;608
11.1.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;620
11.1.6;SUMMARY;622
11.1.7;APPENDIX 20.1 PITFALLS IN MEASURES OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MIGRATION;623
11.2;Chapter 21 Recent changes in bird migrations;626
11.2.1;MIGRATORY TO SEDENTARY;627
11.2.2;SEDENTARY TO MIGRATORY;633
11.2.3;SHORTENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES;633
11.2.4;LENGTHENING OF MIGRATION ROUTES;635
11.2.5;CHANGES IN MIGRATORY DIRECTIONS;635
11.2.6;MIGRATION TIMING;636
11.2.7;BREEDING IN WINTERING RANGE;642
11.2.8;DISCUSSION;642
11.2.9;SUMMARY;646
11.3;Chapter 22 Biogeographical legacies;648
11.3.1;INDIRECT ROUTES TO DISTANT WINTERING AREAS;649
11.3.2;EVOLUTION OF BARRIER CROSSING;658
11.3.3;LOOP MIGRATIONS;663
11.3.4;MIGRATORY DIVIDES;665
11.3.5;MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS HIGHER OR LOWER LATITUDES;669
11.3.6;DEVELOPMENT OF MIGRATION PATTERNS;678
11.3.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;680
11.3.8;SUMMARY;682
11.4;Chapter 23 Distribution patterns;684
11.4.1;NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES;685
11.4.2;NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES;688
11.4.3;EVOLUTION OF ALLOHEIMY;698
11.4.4;NON-BREEDING DISTRIBUTIONS IN AGE AND SEX GROUPS OF THE SAME POPULATION;701
11.4.5;ALTERNATIVE MODELS: TIME AND ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS;702
11.4.6;SUMMARY;705
12;PART FIVE: MIGRATION SYSTEMS AND POPULATION LIMITATION;706
12.1;Chapter 24 The Palaearctic–Afrotropical migration system;708
12.1.1;THE BIRDS INVOLVED;709
12.1.2;THE AFRICAN WINTERING AREAS;711
12.1.3;MOVEMENTS WITHIN AFRICA;716
12.1.4;ECOLOGY OF MIGRANTS IN AFRICA;720
12.1.5;EFFECTS OF DROUGHTS ON MIGRANT NUMBERS;725
12.1.6;OTHER POSSIBLE FACTORS IN POPULATION DECLINES;731
12.1.7;THE ASIAN–AUSTRALASIAN MIGRATION SYSTEM;734
12.1.8;SUMMARY;735
12.2;Chapter 25 The Nearctic–Neotropical migration system;738
12.2.1;THE BIRDS AND THEIR WINTERING AREAS;739
12.2.2;POPULATION DECLINES IN MIGRANTS;743
12.2.3;CONCLUDING REMARKS;756
12.2.4;SUMMARY;758
12.3;Chapter 26 Population limitation – breeding and wintering areas;760
12.3.1;SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES;763
12.3.2;EXAMPLES OF SPECIES AFFECTED BY EVENTS IN BREEDING OR WINTERING AREAS;768
12.3.3;CAUSES OF POPULATION DECLINES;781
12.3.4;OTHER ASPECTS;782
12.3.5;CONCLUDING REMARKS;783
12.3.6;SUMMARY;784
12.4;Chapter 27 Population limitation – conditions on stopover;786
12.4.1;CONCEPTUAL MODELS;787
12.4.2;FOOD LIMITATION AT STOPOVER SITES;789
12.4.3;BODY CONDITION AND SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE;796
12.4.4;INFLUENCE OF PREDATION, DISTURBANCE AND PARASITISM;800
12.4.5;EFFECTS OF STOPOVER EVENTS ON POPULATIONS;805
12.4.6;RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF MIGRATION-RELATED MORTALITY;806
12.4.7;CONCLUDING REMARKS;807
12.4.8;SUMMARY;810
12.4.9;APPENDIX 27.1;811
12.5;Chapter 28 Mass mortality of migrants;814
12.5.1;WEATHER AND IN-FLIGHT MORTALITY;815
12.5.2;UNSEASONABLE COLD SOON AFTER ARRIVAL IN BREEDING AREAS;821
12.5.3;UNSEASONABLE COLD BEFORE DEPARTURE FROM BREEDING AREAS;824
12.5.4;HUMAN-INDUCED LOSSES;825
12.5.5;DISCUSSION;826
12.5.6;SUMMARY;829
13;Glossary;832
13.1;A;832
13.2;B;833
13.3;C;833
13.4;D;834
13.5;E;835
13.6;F;836
13.7;G;837
13.8;H;837
13.9;I;837
13.10;J;838
13.11;K;838
13.12;L;838
13.13;M;838
13.14;N;839
13.15;O;840
13.16;P;840
13.17;Q;841
13.18;R;841
13.19;S;842
13.20;T;843
13.21;U;843
13.22;V;843
13.23;W;844
13.24;Z;844
14;References;846
15;Index;958
15.1;A;958
15.2;B;959
15.3;C;961
15.4;D;964
15.5;E;965
15.6;F;966
15.7;G;968
15.8;H;969
15.9;I;970
15.10;J;970
15.11;K;970
15.12;L;971
15.13;M;972
15.14;N;974
15.15;O;974
15.16;P;975
15.17;Q;977
15.18;R;978
15.19;S;978
15.20;T;981
15.21;U;982
15.22;V;982
15.23;W;983
15.24;X;984
15.25;Y;984
15.26;Z;985
