Ponnamperuma Chemical Evolution of the Giant Planets

1. Auflage 1976
ISBN: 978-1-4832-6976-4
Verlag: Elsevier Reference Monographs
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 253 Seiten

Chemical Evolution of the Giant Planets is a compilation of papers on the chemical evolution of giant planets, presented at a colloquium sponsored by the Laboratory of Chemical Evolution in October, 1974.
The compendium focuses on the interpretation of data provided by the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions, which conducted explorations of the outer planets. Scientists from various disciplines tackle the various aspects of the study of the chemical environment of the giant planets and their satellites. Subjects such as the atmosphere of Jupiter and Saturn; chemical abundances in the atmospheres of the giant planets and their satellites; possibility of growth of airborne microbes in outer planetary atmospheres; and the biology on the outer planets are covered in the book.
Astronomers, chemists, geologists, and biologists will find the book interesting.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ponnamperuma, Cyril

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Chemical Evolution of the Giant Planets;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS;10
6;PREFACE;12
7;Chapter 1. The Two Types of Atmosphere of Jupiter and Saturn;14
7.1;I. Introduction;14
7.2;II. The ±45° Atmosphere;16
7.3;III. The Equatorial Jetstream;18
7.4;IV. The Polar Atmosphere;20
7.5;References;24
8;Chapter 2. Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Chemistry of Adiabatic, Solar-Composition Planetary Atmospheres;26
8.1;I. Introduction;26
8.2;II. Photochemistry;28
8.3;III. Lightning;31
8.4;IV. Proton Irradiation;33
8.5;V. Condensation of Products from Disequilibrium Processes;34
8.6;VI. Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune;34
8.7;VII. Steady-State Abundances of Products;35
8.8;VIII. Conclusions;37
8.9;Acknowledgment;38
8.10;References;38
9;Chapter 3. Titan's Atmosphere and Surface;40
9.1;I. Introduction;40
9.2;II. Atmospheric Composition;41
9.3;III. Cloud and Haze;44
9.4;IV. Escape and Recycling;45
9.5;V. Thermal Structure;50
9.6;VI. Chemistry;56
9.7;VII. Remarks;57
9.8;Acknowledgments;58
9.9;References;58
10;Chapter 4. Chemical Abundances in the Atmospheres of the Giant Planets and Their Satellites;62
10.1;I. Introduction;62
10.2;II. Composition;63
10.3;III. Comets;67
10.4;IV. Titan;68
10.5;Acknowledgments;69
10.6;References;69
11;Chapter 5. Ion Molecule Plasma Chemistry in Reducing Planetary Atmospheres;72
11.1;I. Introduction;72
11.2;II. Principles of Plasma Chemistry;73
11.3;III. Applications of Plasma Chemistry;78
11.4;IV. Conclusion;80
11.5;References;80
12;Chapter 6. Life on the Second Sun;82
12.1;I. A Speculative Bio-Torus;83
12.2;II. Life in the Torus: Thermophiles;87
12.3;III. The Origin of Life in the Bio-Torus;93
12.4;IV. Comments;95
12.5;References;96
13;Chapter 7. Microbial Life at Low Temperatures;98
13.1;I. Introduction;98
13.2;II. Cell Functions Sensitive to "Cold" Temperatures above 0°C;99
13.3;III. Life at Subzero Temperatures;103
13.4;IV. Relevance for Life on Other Planets;105
13.5;References;105
14;Chapter 8. Possibility of Growth of Airborne Microbes in Outer Planetary Atmospheres;108
14.1;I. Introduction;108
14.2;II. Microbial Aerosol Formation;109
14.3;III. Stirred Settling;110
14.4;IV. Rotating Drum;113
14.5;V. Behavior of Bacteria in Air;113
14.6;VI. Metabolism in the Airborne State;115
14.7;Appendix 1;116
14.8;Appendix 2;117
14.9;Acknowledgment;118
14.10;References;119
15;Chapter 9. Dormant and Resistant Stages of Procaryotic Cells;120
15.1;I. Introduction;120
15.2;II. Dormancy and Longevity of Bacterial Endospores;123
15.3;III. Examples of Resting Stages in Procaryotic Cells and Their Resistances to Deleterious Agents;124
15.4;IV. Other Resistance Properties of Resting Cells;128
15.5;V. Return of Resting Cells to Vegetative Growth;128
15.6;VI. Concluding Remarks;129
15.7;References;131
16;Chapter 10. Life in Extreme Environments: Biological Water Requirements;134
16.1;I. Introduction;134
16.2;II. Biological Water Activities;135
16.3;III. Experiments with Neurospora;138
16.4;IV. Jupiter;139
16.5;Acknowledgment;140
16.6;References;140
17;Chapter 11. Planetary Mission Planning for the Next Decade;142
17.1;I. Introduction;142
17.2;II. The Planetary Mission Model;144
18;Chapter 12. Spin-Scan Imaging—Application to Planetary Missions;160
18.1;I. Introduction;160
18.2;II. Spin-Scan Imaging in Practice;161
18.3;III. Advantages of Spin-Scan Imaging;164
18.4;IV. Spin-Scan Imager System Modeling;167
18.5;V. Spin-Scan Imager Optimization for the Jupiter Orbiter Mission;168
18.6;VI. Summary;176
18.7;References;177
19;Chapter 13. Exploration of the Giant Planets by Infrared Spectroscopy;178
19.1;I. Introduction;178
19.2;II. Surface Composition;182
19.3;III. Surface Temperature;182
19.4;IV. Vertical Temperature Profile;185
19.5;V. Surface Pressure;187
19.6;VI. Atmospheric Constituents;189
19.7;VII. Vertical Distribution of Constituents;191
19.8;VIII. Other Objectives;192
19.9;IX. General Purpose and Special Purpose Investigations;192
19.10;References;193
20;Chapter 14. Energy Requirements of a Biosphere;196
20.1;I. Introduction;196
20.2;II. Light Conversion in Photosynthesis;198
20.3;III. The Light Harvesting System;200
20.4;IV. Light Saturation;200
20.5;V. Production in Nature;202
20.6;VI. Metabolic Rates, "Dynamic Range";203
20.7;VII. Anaerobic Life;208
20.8;Acknowledgment;209
20.9;References;209
21;Chapter 15. Biology on the Outer Planets;212
21.1;I. Introduction;213
21.2;II. The Outer Planets: Physical Aspects;214
21.3;III. Jupiter;215
21.4;IV. Saturn;218
21.5;V. Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto;220
21.6;VI. The Outer Planets: Exobiological Speculations;220
21.7;VII. The Contamination Problem and Conclusions;227
21.8;References;230
22;Chapter 16. Organic Synthesis in a Simulated Jovian Atmosphere of The Planet Jupiter;234
22.1;REFERENCES;244
23;Subject Index;246