Steinem / Janshoff Piezoelectric Sensors

2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-36568-6
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 5, 484 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

Chemically and biologically functionalized piezoelectric sensors are attractive alternatives to surface-sensitive transducers due to their surpassing versatility. The fourth volume of the Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors includes a comprehensive theoretical treatment and current state-of-the art applications of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Interface circuits and the study of viscoelasticity and micromechanics as well as surface roughness with the QCM are discussed. The broad field of analytical applications of piezoelectric sensors is covered, which ranges from nucleic acid detection, immunosensors, protein-membrane interactions and monitoring cells by imprinted polymers to the viscoelastic response of living mammalian cells on QCM-resonators. Sophisticated derivatives of the classical QCM, such as rupture event scanning, the use of extraordinary high frequency crystals, and electrochemical QCM, clearly reveal the advantages of combining multiple techniques to realize new detection schemes on the basis of piezoelectric resonators.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Steinem, Claudia

Janshoff, Andreas

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Physical Aspects of QCM-Measurements.- Interface Circuits for QCM Sensors.- Interface Circuits for QCM Sensors.- Studies of Viscoelasticity with the QCM.- Studies of Viscoelasticity with the QCM.- Probing the Solid/Liquid Interface with the Quartz Crystal Microbalance.- Probing the Solid/Liquid Interface with the Quartz Crystal Microbalance.- Studies of Contact Mechanics with the QCM.- Studies of Contact Mechanics with the QCM.- Chemical and Biological Applications of the QCM.- Imprinted Polymers in Chemical Recognition for Mass-Sensitive Devices.- Imprinted Polymers in Chemical Recognition for Mass-Sensitive Devices.- Analytical Applicationsof QCM-based Nucleic Acid Biosensors.- Analytical Applications of QCM-based Nucleic Acid Biosensors.- Piezoelectric Immunosensors.- Piezoelectric Immunosensors.- Specific Adsorption of Annexin A1 on Solid Supported Membranes: A Model Study.- Specific Adsorption of Annexin A1 on Solid Supported Membranes: A Model Study.- The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Cell Biology: Basics and Applications.- The Quartz Crystal Microbalance in Cell Biology: Basics and Applications.- Applications Based on Advanced QCM-Techniques.- Enzyme Reactions on a 27 MHz Quartz Crystal Microbalance.- Enzyme Reactions on a 27 MHz Quartz Crystal Microbalance.- The Quartz Crystal Microbalance and the Electrochemical QCM: Applications to Studies of Thin Polymer Films, Electron Transfer Systems, Biological Macromolecules, Biosensors, and Cells.- The Quartz Crystal Microbalance and the Electrochemical QCM: Applications to Studies of Thin Polymer Films, Electron Transfer Systems, Biological Macromolecules, Biosensors, and Cells.- The QCM-D Technique for Probing Biomacromolecular Recognition Reactions.- The QCM-D Technique for Probing Biomacromolecular RecognitionReactions.- Resonant Acoustic Profiling (RAP™) and Rupture Event Scanning (REVS™).- Resonant Acoustic Profiling (RAP™) and Rupture Event Scanning (REVS™).

Leseproben

Analytical Applications of QCM-based Nucleic Acid Biosensors (p. 211-212)

Abstract Recent advances in nucleic acid-based detection coupled to piezoelectric transduction will be reported here. The main aspects involved in the development of nucleic acid sensors are considered: the immobilization of the probe, the sample pretreatments (DNA extraction, amplification, denaturation of the amplified material), the sensitivity and specificity, etc.

These systems have been applied to different fields from environmental analysis to clinical diagnostics. Examples taken from different analytical problems will be reported. Another nucleic acid sensor, also based on the affinity between the analyte and the receptor immobilized on the surface, is reported as an example of the most recent trend in the field. This receptor, called aptamer, acts as capturing receptor for a molecule in solution, such as a protein. An aptasensor developed for a specific protein will be reported.

Keywords Biosensor · QCM · Nucleic Acids · Hybridization · Aptamers

1 Introduction

The first report on the direct detection of nucleic acid interactions based on the use of acoustic wave devices was provided by Fawcett et al. in 1988 [1]. They described a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based biosensor for DNA detection by immobilizing single-stranded DNA onto quartz crystals and detecting the mass changes after hybridization. Since this early work, a number of articles have appeared employing similar procedures, resulting in microgravimetricmeasurements based on nucleic acids [2–5].

In general, when dealing with biosensing for this kind of application a few considerations are mandatory. First, the system should be specific and sensitive enough for the required application and should provide reproducible results. The system should have short analysis time and easy formats. Moreover, the sample pretreatment should be as little as possible, ideally absent. In this chapter, the main aspects related to piezoelectric sensing based on nucleic acids are considered and examples taken from different fields of application, from environmental analysis to clinical diagnostics, will be considered. A nucleic acid-based sensor consists of a nucleic acid immobilized on the transduction surface, which interacts with the analyte free in solution. Depending on the immobilized nucleic acid sequence and the relative interaction that drives the binding, different sensors can be distinguished. One based on the detection of the hybridization reaction can be developed by immobilizing a nucleic acid probe on the surface of the sensor to recognize the complementary sequence present in the sample solution. The hybridization reaction between the probe and the target sequence drives the biospecific interaction, which results in the formation of a double helix complex on the sensing surface with the detection of the specific sequence of interest. The interaction is based on the specific recognition between the two single-stranded DNA filaments leading to the formation of the DNA helix. The hydrogen bonds stabilize selectively the couples adenine–thymine (AT) and guanine– cytosine (GC).

In QCM-based sensing, the recognition is displaced as ameasurable shift in the resonant frequency. Ideally, the frequency shift is maximum with the fully complementary sequence and it is absent with non-complementary DNA. A typical profile of a QCM-based DNA sensor signal is reported in Fig. 1, where the addition of complementary sequences leads to the formation of the double helix and causes an increase in the mass loading at the sensor surface, recorded as a decrease in the frequency shift of the crystal. With QCM-based sensing it is then possible to detect, in real time and without the use of any label, specific target sequences characteristic of the DNA of interest as well as point mutations. This kind of QCM DNA sensor has been applied by this research group to the analysis of many different target sequences like genetically modified organisms (GMOs) [2] and bacteria detection [6, 7] in the field of food and environmental analysis, respectively. In clinical diagnostics application, the sensor has been used for the detection of point mutations such as the mutation occurring in the p53 oncogene, related to cancer research, diagnosis and prognosis [8].